First aid for drowning step by step 

The biggest killer in cases of drowning is a lack of oxygen in the body, 

Step 1. Do not put yourself at risk to save the person from drowning, or you risk drowning yourself.

Step 2. Once the person has been safely rescued from the water or liquid, check if they are breathing.

• Lay the person on his/her back and tilt his/her chin and head backwards to help clear their airway. This could be enough to get he/herb to start breathing
• Check if  the person is breathing by leaning over him  and placing your cheek near his mouth
• Look along his chest as you do this to see if his chest is rising and falling, 
• Feel for breath on your cheek 
• Listen for breathing sounds. 

Step 3. Tell someone to call ambulance.

If you are on your own, call emergency ambulance after you’ve spent one minute giving them rescue breaths and chest compressions. 

Step 4. Give five rescue breaths

• Pinch his nose and keep his head tilted back as you breathe into their mouth from yours, making as good a seal as you can with your mouth over him. (Each breath you give him should last 1 second, and make sure that you take a good deep breath yourself in between each one. 

These breaths will get valuable oxygen into their lungs, which is particularly important in a drowned casualty. 

• After you’ve done 5 rescue breaths try…

Step 5. Give 30 chest compressions by pushing firmly in the middle of their chest up and down.

• Using both hands together, one on top of the other, push down right in the center of his chest firmly, with your arms straight
• Push down 5-6cm each time, twice a second (if it helps, try to do it to the rhythm of the song
•  Do this for 1 minute (120 compressions) regular rate of 2 pushes per second.
• Do 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths over and over again until he  starts breathing normally or help arrives (if there’s more than one of you then take it in turns).

Step 6. If the person starts to show signs of responsiveness – they open his eyes, starts breathing normally, make noise or cough – stop compressions and start treating him for hypothermia.

Step 7. When someone has been drowning, their lungs may be full of the liquid they were in.

In this situation, giving rescue breaths is especially important to provide them with oxygen. In this situation, he may become responsive again once the liquid is removed from his lungs.

How to Help a Choking Child or Adult (Everyone Must Know!)

How to save a choking child

Epilepsy the facts 

• Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable disease of the brain that affects people of all ages.
• Around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, making it one of the most common neurological diseases globally.
• Nearly 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries.
• It is estimated that up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could live seizure-free if properly diagnosed and treated.
• The risk of premature death in people with epilepsy is up to three times higher than for the general population.
• Three quarters of people with epilepsy living in low-income countries do not get the treatment they need.
• In many parts of the world, people with epilepsy and their families suffer from stigma and discrimination.

First aid step by step for epilepsy

• Stay calm and remain with the person
• Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist)
• If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately
• Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area
• Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing
• Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway
• Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes)
• Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called
• Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person.

DO NOT:

• Restrain the person’s movements, or move them, during the seizure (unless they are in danger)
• Put anything in the person’s mouth
• Give the person water, food or pills unless they are fully alert.

CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF:

• The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows
• The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops
• The person is injured or has swallowed water
• The person is pregnant
• You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure
• The person asks for medical assistance
• You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation.

Seizure First Aid

CONTROLLING BLEEDING

Blood loss often gets the most attention because if the amount of bleeding is overestimated and draws attention to wounds when more serious injuries should be dealt with first bleeding,

• Use personal protective equipment prior to caring for an injured and bleeding person 
• Perform a quick overview of the person to make sure something more serious is not being overlooked.
• Use a dressing and your gloved hand to apply firm and direct pressure to the injured area. 
• Continue to hold the pressure until the bleeding stops (If there are multiple wounds, apply pressure dressings to the worst injuries first, and then to the lesser bleeding injuries. The person may temporarily be able to assist by holding pressure on some areas.
• Small wounds (scrapes) can heal more rapidly by using an antibiotic salve.
• Ask the person if they have any allergies before applying the antibiotic salve. If they do have allergies, do not apply the salve just wash minor scrapes and abrasions with soap and water before bandaging.
• When direct pressure does not control bleeding, a tourniquet may be required (a blood pressure cuff, belt, or premade versions. Commercially prepared tourniquets are more effective than improvised ones, if none is available, one can be made quickly using a piece of cloth and stick-like object. The application of a tourniquet is painful but may be necessary to prevent life-threatening blood loss. Tourniquet use is difficult and can be dangerous if done incorrectly. Direct pressure should be applied first.

How to apply a tourniquet

• Put on personal protective gear.
• Apply tourniquet approximately two inches above wound.
• Tighten until the bleeding stops.
• Record the time the tourniquet was applied.
• Call emergency services
• Stay with the person and do not release tourniquet until advanced help assumes care. 
• Only a medical professional should remove a tourniquet.

Penetrating injuries caused by a knife or gunshot may produce devastating internal bleeding with very little external blood loss. 

• Immediately call emergency services whenever these injuries are suspected.
• Help the person lie down and remain still. 
• Check for signs and symptoms of shock. 
• Cover the person to keep them from getting cold. 
• Stay with them until advanced help arrives.

First aid for bleeding 

1.Assess the Situation

• Before approaching the injured person, make sure the area is free from any hazards (traffic, sharp objects, slippery objects)
• Ensure the safety of both the injured person and yourself.:

2 Call emergency services In severe orthopedic injuries (bone protruding through the skin, severe deformities, or if the person cannot move or feel a limb).

3. Stay Calm and Reassure the Injured Person

4. Immobilize the Injury

If you suspect a fracture or dislocation, 

• Immobilize the injured area to prevent further damage. To stabilize the injured limb, you can use materials like (splints, rolled-up newspapers ,clothing)
• Be gentle and try not to move the injured area unnecessarily.

5. Control Swelling

• Apply a cold pack or bag of ice wrapped in a cloth to the injured area for 15-20 minutes at a time. 
• Ensure there is a barrier between the cold source and the skin to prevent frostbite.

6. Elevate the Injured Area

• Elevate the injured limb slightly to reduce swelling. 
• Keep it elevated at a level above the heart if possible.

7. Pain Management

• Follow the dosing instructions and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.
• Do not give pain medication without knowing the allergies of the injured individual.

8. Do Not Attempt to “Pop” Joints Back

• In cases of dislocations, never try to pop the joint back into place on your own. 
• Leave this to medical professionals who have the necessary training and equipment.

9. Observe for Complications

• Keep an eye out for signs of complications (loss of circulation, numbness, tingling, or changes in skin color). If any of these occur, loosen the splint or immobilization device slightly to relieve pressure and maintain circulation.

10. Stay with the Injured Person

Stay with injured person until the professional help arrives and provide reassurance. If the situation worsens or changes, be ready to update the call to emergency operator with any new information.